对炼钢行业常用稀土元素（REE）与常用耐火材料反应的异同进行了系统的实验研究。结果表明，La、Ce、Y与MgO、Al 2 O 3、MgO·Al 2 O 3坩埚的反应行为存在显着差异。三种坩埚熔炼钢液中La、Ce、Y的消耗率依次为La>Ce>Y。随着稀土元素与坩埚的反应，Mg和Al的含量呈现先增加后减少的趋势。在实验室冶炼条件下，与稀土元素相关的反应以钢-坩埚反应为主，单位质量钢水与耐火材料的接触面积主要决定稀土元素的消耗率。La-和Ce-坩埚反应产生松散和多孔的反应界面；然而，Y坩埚反应生成致密的Y 2 O 3层，极大地抑制了Y的消耗速率。动态计算表明稀土与不同耐火材料之间的反应为一级反应。坩埚材料显着影响钢-坩埚反应界面的产物类型和形貌，从而影响稀土元素的消耗速率。必须认真考虑稀土元素与耐火材料之间的反应，特别是对于小规模冶炼。
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Steel–refractory reactions in lanthanum-, cerium-, and yttrium-added steels
A systematic experimental study was conducted on the similarities and differences in the reactions between commonly used rare earth elements (REEs) and frequently used refractories in the steelmaking industry. The results indicate that the reaction behaviors of La, Ce, and Y with MgO, Al2O3, and MgO·Al2O3 crucibles differed significantly. The consumption rates of La, Ce, and Y in the molten steel were in descending order of La > Ce > Y for smelting with all three kinds of crucibles. As the REEs reacted with the crucible, the contents of Mg and Al showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Under laboratory-scale smelting conditions, the reactions related to REEs were dominated by steel–crucible reactions, and the contact area between the unit mass of molten steel and refractory materials mainly determined the consumption rates of REEs. La- and Ce-crucible reactions generated loose and porous reaction interfaces; however, Y-crucible reactions generated a dense Y2O3 layer, dramatically suppressing the consumption rate of Y. Dynamic calculation indicated that the reactions between rare earth and different refractory materials were first-order reactions. The crucible materials significantly affected the product type and morphology of the steel–crucible reaction interfaces, thereby influencing the consumption rate of REEs. The reactions between REEs and refractories must be seriously considered, especially for small-scale smelting.